Sensitivity of Tropical Cyclone Precipitation to Atmospheric Moisture Content： Case Study of Bilis （2006）          下载免费PDF全文

WU Wei  CHEN Ji-Long 《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,5(5):420-425

In this article, the authors used the Weather Research and Forecast model to investigate the sensitivity of tropical cyclone Bilis' total precipitation to ambient water vapor content. The tropical cycl...  相似文献   

利用探空资料计算水汽压     

王洪  曹云昌  郭启云  赵培涛 《气象科技》2013,41(5):847-851

利用L波段探空资料的相对湿度值及温度值计算水汽压时,由于探空测量的是相对于水面的相对湿度,只能用相对于水面的饱和水汽压公式来计算,低温时用相对于冰面的饱和水汽压公式计算水汽压可能不正确.对水相和冰相的不同处理所带来的偏差进行了分析和讨论.以CIMO规定的温度-45℃和0℃为界,分别计算了用相对于冰面的饱和水汽压公式和相对于水面的饱和水汽压公式得到的水汽压值,并进行了比较.结果表明,在计算实际水汽压的过程中,用不同的饱和水汽压公式所产生的绝对偏差虽然不大,但相对偏差最大可能达到50％,不容忽视,对确定对流层上部的气候效应可能产生影响.  相似文献   

Experimental test of a radiative transfer model of the optical effects of space weathering     

Paul G. Lucey  Sarah K. Noble 《Icarus》2008,197(1):348-353

We compare laboratory measurements of the optical effects of nanophase iron on near-IR reflectance spectra of transparent silica gel infused with small iron particles [Noble, S.K., Pieters, C.M., Keller, L.P., 2007. Icarus 192, 629-642] with a radiative transfer model of the process [Hapke, B., 2001. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E5), 10039-10074]. We find that the measurements exhibit reddening and darkening effects of nanophase (<50 nm) iron particles, a darkening effect of somewhat larger particles (>50 nm) and mixing effects of silica gel particles of varying total iron abundance. The radiative transfer model reproduces the effects of nanophase iron within the experimental uncertainties.  相似文献   

Global MHD modeling of Mercury's magnetosphere with applications to the MESSENGER mission and dynamo theory     

K. Kabin  M.H. Heimpel  J.M. Aurnou  J. Paral  T.H. Zurbuchen  D.L. DeZeeuw 《Icarus》2008,195(1):1-15

We use a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to simulate Mercury's space environment for several solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions in anticipation of the magnetic field measurements by the MESSENGER spacecraft. The main goal of our study is to assess what characteristics of the internally generated field of Mercury can be inferred from the MESSENGER observations, and to what extent they will be able to constrain various models of Mercury's magnetic field generation. Based on the results of our simulations, we argue that it should be possible to infer not only the dipole component, but also the quadrupole and possibly even higher harmonics of the Mercury's planetary magnetic field. We furthermore expect that some of the crucial measurements for specifying the Hermean internal field will be acquired during the initial fly-bys of the planet, before MESSENGER goes into orbit around Mercury.  相似文献   

Investigation on piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate detector bombarded obliquely with hypervelocity iron particles     

S. Takechi  T. Onishi  T. Miyachi  N. Hasebe  K. Nogami  S. Sasaki  T. Iwai  R. Srama 《Planetary and Space Science》2008,56(9):1309-1313

A cosmic dust detector for use onboard a satellite is currently being constructed from piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT). The characteristics of the PZT detector were studied by bombarding it with hypervelocity iron particles, which were supplied by a Van de Graaff accelerator. There was a linear relationship between the rise time of the signal observed from the detector and the particle's velocity, which was above 10 km/s on impact. It was also found that the rise time was almost independent of the collisional angle between the particles and the PZT surface within the limits of the particle's parameters used in this experiment.  相似文献   

Investigation of local time dependence of Mercury's sodium exosphere based on a numerical simulation     

Hiroaki Misawa  Aya Sonobe  Akira Morioka 《Planetary and Space Science》2008,56(13):1681-1687

Mercury has a surface-bounded exosphere (SBE) similar to that of the Moon. One of the atmospheric species, sodium, was found by ground-based observations to be the most prominent component. Mercury's sodium SBE is known to be non-uniform with respect to local time (LT) in low-latitude regions: the sodium column density in the dawn-side region is larger than that in the dusk-side region, and the sodium abundance is the largest in the morning-noon region. To reveal the production processes for the exosphere near Mercury's surface, the LT dependence of the exosphere was investigated through a numerical simulation. Three data sets of sodium column densities observed for the dawn-side hemisphere, observed by Sprague et al. [1997. Distribution and abundance of sodium in Mercury's atmosphere, 1985-1988. Icarus 12, 506-527], were compared with results simulated by a 3D Monte Carlo method, and the source rates and density of sodium of the planetary surface were estimated. In the simulation, the photon-stimulated desorption (PSD) and thermal desorption (TD) processes were assumed as the release mechanisms. The sodium source rates for the three data sets, at respective heliocentric distances of about 0.33, 0.42, and 0.44 AU, were estimated as 1-4×10⁸ Na/cm²/s with weak LT dependence. In contrast, the expected sodium surface density showed clear dependence on LT and the heliocentric distance. The sodium surface density decreases from early morning to noon by a few orders, and, particularly for large heliocentric distances, the surface is in a condition of sodium excess and depletion with respect to the surface sodium density assumed by Killen et al. [2004. Source rates and ion recycling rates for Na and K in Mercury's atmosphere. Icarus 171, 1-19] in the early morning and morning-noon regions, respectively. This study implies that the decrease in sodium surface density from the early morning to noon regions might produce the characteristic LT dependence in the low-latitude dawn-side region.  相似文献   

地物反射光谱对MODIS近红外波段水汽反演影响的模拟分析   总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14  

王伟民  孙晓敏  张仁华  唐新斋  朱治林 《遥感学报》2005,9(1):8-15

在近红外辐射传输方程的基础上,利用近红外波段水汽的不同吸收属性,在MODTRAN的模拟下,深入分析了基于MODIS近红外数据的可降水汽反演算法,并着重讨论了地物反射光谱非线性在可降水汽反演中的影响。研究结果显示,当波段间反射率之比不等于1时,MODIS近红外波段反演水汽将存在较大偏差。同时,在地物光谱库基础上,计算了不同地物反射率比值,其分布表明,大部分地物波段反射率比值不等于1。研究表明,应用现有MODIS近红外波段水汽反演算法,如果不考虑地表反射率光谱变化的影响,由地表反射光谱造成的误差最大约为反射率比值与1偏差的15倍,同时,这一误差还与大气波段透过率之比有关。  相似文献   

北京连续降水水汽输送差异的同位素示踪          下载免费PDF全文

宋献方  唐瑜  张应华  马英  韩冬梅  卜红梅  杨丽虎  刘飞 《水科学进展》2017,28(4):488-495

为了探讨连续降水过程中水汽输送的变化,应用NCEP/NCAR资料、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及降水稳定同位素资料对北京22场连续降水的水汽输送差异进行了研究。结果表明:连续降水的水汽输送可分为西向水汽输送、远洋水汽输送、近海水汽输送、远源大陆水汽输送和局地大陆水汽输送5种类型,并以近海水汽输送和西向水汽输送为主（降水量占比60.8%）。不同水汽输送类型下降水δ18O的差异主要受水汽源区同位素富集程度及水汽输送途中降水过程的影响,降水氘盈余的变化反映出二次蒸发的影响及水汽源区大气相对湿度的差异。14场连续降水的水汽输送类型发生了变化,且降水δ18O值的变化能够较好地指示水汽输送类型的变化。该结果说明降水同位素特征能够为识别水汽输送类型提供有效信息。  相似文献   

中国南方2008年与2016年两次低温雨雪冰冻天气过程对比分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

胡钰玲  赵中军  康彩燕  康延臻  王式功  尚可政 《冰川冻土》2017,39(6):1180-1191

利用2.5°×2.5° NCEP/NCAR月平均资料、1°×1° FNL再分析资料、国家气候中心1951年至2016年1月西太平洋副热带高压脊线和西伸脊点两项环流指数,从事件实况（降水、气温和冰冻灾害）、环流条件、能量条件、水汽条件和动力条件几个方面出发,对2008年1月10日至2月2日和2016年1月20至25日发生在中国南方的两次低温雨雪冰冻天气过程做了对比分析。研究表明：（1）"0801南方雪灾"的主要特征表现为降水范围大、过程持续时间长、灾害重;2016年1月低温雨雪冰冻过程的主要特征表现为降水范围小、过程持续时间短、灾害轻。"0801南方雪灾"冷空气强度不如2016年1月强。（2）造成"0801南方雪灾"的亚欧大环流背景为"北脊南槽"型,2016年1月低温雨雪冰冻的亚欧环流形势中低纬同位相,从西伯利亚到伊朗为脊,中蒙由低涡控制。（3）与"0801南方雪灾"相比,2016年1月低温雨雪冰冻期间我国南方对流层中下部10°~20° N的温差较强。（4）"0801南方雪灾"水汽输送偏北（到达34° N）且更高（到达300 hPa）,2016年1月低温雨雪冰冻期间水汽输送偏南（到达28° N）且较低（到达400 hPa）。（5）"0801南方雪灾"水汽输送轨迹在5 000 m、3 000 m和1 500 m高度均以西南路径为主,2016年1月低温雨雪冰冻期间水汽输送轨迹在5 000 m、3 000 m和1 500 m高度均以西北路径为主,冷空气沿着低压底部从西北移至南方变性增湿。（6）2008年1月26至28日整层垂直运动弱,但向上扩展高（至200 hPa）;2016年1月22日至24日垂直运动强,但扩展高度低（500 hPa以下）。  相似文献   

1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系     

巩宁刚  孙美平  闫露霞  宫鹏  马兴刚  牟建新 《干旱区地理》2017,40(4):762-771

采用1979-2016年ECMWF1.5°×1.5°逐月再分析资料及同期37个气象站点的降水资料,利用一元线性回归、累积距平、Kriging及IDW（反距离加权）等方法分析了祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空分布特征、降水转化率空间变化规律以及风场分布规律,并对比分析了中国西部不同地区降水转化率的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量整体呈增加趋势,且季节变化明显。其中夏季是各层大气水汽含量最多的季节,高达329.24 mm,占多年平均大气水汽含量的48.1%。（2）近38 a来,祁连山地区的大气水汽含量呈东南多、西北少的空间分布,且随海拔的升高而逐渐减少,整层大气水汽主要集中在5 000 m以下。（3）祁连山地区的降水转化率从空间上表现出由东向西递减的趋势,说明该地区空中云水资源的开发潜力自东向西逐渐增强,空中云水资源的开发潜力区域差异明显;季风所携带的水汽对其影响区域的降水贡献率较高,西风所携带的水汽则对其影响区域的降水贡献率较低。（4）中国西部地区降水转化率呈向心式递减的趋势,且区域空间波动较大。  相似文献